Further Reading

Instruction sets, addressing, and instruction formats are covered in detail in almost every computer architecture book. The Patterson and Hennessy book (1997) provides excellent coverage in these areas. Many books, such as Brey (2003), Messmer (1993), Abel (2001) and Jones (2001) are devoted to the Intel x86 architecture. For those interested in the Motorola 68000 series, we suggest Wray and Greenfield (1994) or Miller (1992).

Sohi (1990) gives a very nice discussion of instruction-level pipelining. Kaeli and Emma (1991) provide an interesting overview of how branching affects pipeline performance. For a nice history of pipelining, see Rau and Fisher (1993). To get a better idea of the limitations and problems with pipelining, see Wall (1993).

We investigated specific architectures in Chapter 4, but there are many important instruction set architectures worth mentioning. Atanasoff's ABC computer (Burks and Burks [1988], Von Neumann's EDVAC and Mauchly and Eckert's UNIVAC (Stern [1981] for information on both) had very simple instruction set architectures but required programming to be done in machine language. The Intel 8080 (a one-address machine) was the predecessor to the 80x86 family of chips introduced in Chapter 4. See Brey (2003) for a thorough and readable introduction to the Intel family of processors. Hauck (1968) provides good coverage of the Burroughs zero-address machine. Struble (1975) has a nice presentation of IBM's 360 family. Brunner (1991) gives details about DEC's VAX systems, which incorporated two-address architectures with more sophisticated instruction sets. SPARC (1994) provides a great overview of the SPARC architecture. Meyer and Downing (1991), Lindholm and Yellin, and Venner provide very interesting coverage of the JVM.