Header
Cover
Table of Contents
Broadband Telecommunications Handbook, Second Edition
Chapter 1: Introduction to Telecommunications Concepts
Overview
Basic Telecommunications Systems
Components of the Telecommunications Networks
Communications Network Architectures
The Local Loop
The Movement Toward Fiberoptic Networks
Digital Transfer Systems
The Intelligent Networks of Tomorrow
Summary
Chapter 2: Telecommunications Systems
Overview
What Constitutes a Telecommunications System
A Topology of Connections Is Used
The Local Loop
The Telecommunications Network
The Network Hierarchy (Post-1984)
The Public-Switched Network
The North American Numbering Plan
Private Networks
Hybrid Networks
Hooking Things Up
Equipment
Chapter 3: Virtual Private Networks
History
Intelligent PBX Solution
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Users May Not Like It
Chapter 4: Data Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Internet-Based VPN
Goals
Shared Networks
Internet
Performance
Outsourcing
Security
Creating the VPN
Encryption
Key Handling
Public Key Cryptography (RSA)
Authentication
Router-Based VPN
Firewall-Based VPN
VPN-Specific Boxes
Throughput Comparison
Remote Management of VPN Components
Cost Considerations
Proprietary Protocols
VoIP VPN
Summary
Chapter 5: Advanced Intelligent Networks (AINs)
Overview
Intelligent Networks (INs)
Advanced Intelligent Networks (AINs)
Information Network Architecture
Combining AIN and CTI Services
The Intelligent Peripheral (IP)
IP Services
Software Architecture: Client, Router, Server
The Application
Results of AIN
Focus
Chapter 6: Local Number Portability (LNP)
Three Flavors of LNP
The Road to True LNP
Basic LNP Networks
The Terminology
Before LNP
Number Administration and Call Routing in the Network
LRN
Using a Database Solution
Triggering Mechanisms
How Is a Telephone Number Ported?
Other Issues
Switching Systems
Billing, Administration, and Maintenance Systems
Signaling
Operator Services
911 Services
Simplifying the Wireless E-911 Call
Chapter 7: Computer Telephony Integration (CTI)
Overview
The Computer World
Other Possibilities
Why All the Hype?
Linking Computers and Communications
The Technology Advancement
The Final Bond
Chapter 8: Signaling System 7 (SS7)
Overview
Presignaling System 7
Introduction to SS7
Purpose of the SS7 Network
What Is Out-of-Band Signaling?
Why Out-of-Band Signaling?
The SS7 Network Architecture
SS7 Interconnection
Basic Functions of the SS7 Network
Signaling Links
The Link Architecture
Links and Linksets
Combined Linksets
Routes and Routesets
SS7 Protocol Stack
Basic Call Setup with ISUP
SS7 Applications
SS7 and IP
SCTP
VoIP Impacts
Overview of SIP Functionality
VoIP Telephony Signaling
SS7 and Wireless Intelligent Networks
GSM Network Connection to SS7 Networks
The Signaling Protocol Stack for GSM
Chapter 9: CTI Technologies and Applications
Overview
Understanding Computer Telephony Technologies
Voice Processing
Telephone Network Interfaces
Tone Processing
Facsimile (Fax)
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)
Text-to-Speech (TTS)
Switching
Understanding Computer Telephony Solutions
Information Access and Processing Applications
AudioText
Voice Recording for Transaction Logging
Technology Enhancements
Other Technologies
Automated Attendant
Integrated Voice Recognition and Response (IVR)
Fax-Back and Fax Processing
Fax-on-Demand (FOD)
Interactive Fax Response (IFR)
E-mail Reader
Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Summary
Chapter 10: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Overview
Origins of ISDN
Origins of the Standards
Interfaces
Interface Components
NT1
NT2
TE1
TE2
TA
Physical Delivery
The U Interface
The Physical Interface
Applications of the ISDN Interface
Multiple Channels
Telephone
Digital Fax
Analog Fax
Computer/Video Conferencing
Signaling
Telemetry
Packet Switching
Primary-Rate ISDN
H0 Channels
H11 Channels
H12 Channels
Signaling on the D Channel
Installation Problems
BRI Application
Broadband ISDN
Definitions
Conclusion
Chapter 11: Frame Relay
Overview
Frame Relay Defined
What Can Frame Relay Bring to the Table?
Where People Use Frame Relay
The Frame
The OSI Protocol Stack and Frame Relay
Frame Relay Speeds
Frame Relay Access
Overall Frame Relay Core Protocols
Carriers' Implementation of IP-Enabled Frame Relay
Frame Relay Versus IP
Voice over Frame Relay (VoFR)
Compressing the Information on VoFR
Provisioning PVCs and SVCs
Benefits of SVCs
Frame Relay Selected for Wireless Data on GPRS
Chapter 12: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Overview
What Is ATM?
Why the Interest in ATM?
ATM Protocols
Mapping Circuits Through an ATM Network
The ATM Layered Architecture
ATM Traffic Management
Contention Management
The Double Leaky Bucket
Categories of Service
Getting to the Elusive QoS
Shaping the Traffic
Normal Bandwidth Allocation
What Is MPOA?
LANE
Voice over DSL and over ATM (VoDSL and VoATM)
ATM Suitability for Voice Traffic
Integrated Access at the Local Loop
Chapter 13: ATM and Frame Relay Internetworking
Overview
ATM and Frame Relay Compared
Frame Relay Revisited
ATM Revisited
The Frame and ATM Merger
Transparency Across the Network
Frame User-to-Network Interface (FUNI)
Data Exchange Interface (DXI)
What Constitutes a Frame?
FUNI Interoperability
Network Interworking
Service Interworking Functions
The DXI Interface
DXI Mode 1 A/B
DXI Protocol Mode 1A
DXI Protocol Mode 1B
XI Mode 2
DXI Protocol Mode 2
Summary
Chapter 14: Cable TV Systems
Overview
Cable Television Transmission
The Cable Infrastructure
The Cable Television Distribution System
Signal Level
Digital Video on Cable TV Systems
Forming a Digital Video Signal
Key Features of Digital Modulation
DTV Solution Introduction
Chapter 15: Cable Modem Systems and Technology
Overview
Cable TV Technology
The New Market
System Upgrades
Cable Modems
Standards
Return Path
Applications
The Combined Corporate and End User Networking Strategies
A Final Thought
Chapter 16: xDSL
Overview
ADSL Defined
Modem Technologies
The Analog Modem History
IDSL
HDSL
SDSL
ADSL
RADSL
CDSL
SHDSL
VDSL
The Hype of DSL Technologies
xDSL Coding Techniques
Discreet Multitone
Using DMT for the Universal ADSL Service (G.Lite)
To Split or Not to Split
CAP
Provisioning xDSL
Final Comment on Deployment
Chapter 17: Microwave- and Radio-Based Systems
Overview
Other Applications
How Do You Make the Right Choices?
What About Bandwidth?
How Much Is Enough?
What About Reliability?
The Choices Are Leased Lines, Fiber, or Microwave
Microwave and the Other Wireless Solutions
Microwave Radio Solutions
Private User Microwave
Chapter 18: MMDS and LMDS
Overview
Limited Frequency Spectrum
System Configuration
Wireless Cable Sources
Advantages of Using MMDS
Internet Access
Key Elements
The Head-End
The Transmit Antenna
The Transmission Line
Channel Combiners
Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)
Enter the Competitive Discussion
WLL
Not for Everyone
What About the Bandwidth?
Enter LMDS
The Reasoning Behind LMDS
Network Architectures Available to the Carriers
Modulation and Access Techniques
Two-Way Service
Propagation Issues
Chapter 19: Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR)
Overview
Improved Spectral Efficiency
Motorola's VSELP-Coding Signals for Efficient Transmission
QAM Modulation
Multiplied Channel Capacity
The Advantage of Integration
A Short Overview of Trunked Radio
The Control Channel (CC)
Service Areas and Licensing Blocks
Innovation and Integration
Spectral Efficiency with Frequency Hopping
Digital Transition
Is There Still a Benefit from Two-Way Radio?
What Kind of Savings Can Your Business Expect?
When Will You Need a Radio Service Provider?
Chapter 20: Cellular Communications
Overview
Coverage Areas
Analog Cellular Systems
Log On
Monitoring Control Channels
Failing Signal
Setup of a Call
Setup of an Incoming Call
Handoff
Setting Up the Handoff
The Handoff Occurs
Completion of the Handoff
The Cell Site (Base Station)
The Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
Frequency Reuse Plans and Cell Patterns
Overlapping Coverage
Cell Site Configurations
Sectorized Cell Coverage
Tiered Sites
Reuse of Frequencies
Allocation of Frequencies
Establishing a Call from a Landline to a Mobile
Chapter 21: Global Services Mobile Communications (GSM)
History of Cellular Mobile Radio and GSM
Benchmarks in GSM
GSM Metrics
Cell Structure
Types of Cells
Analog to Digital Movement
Teleservices
Bearer Services
Supplementary Services
GSM Architecture
Mobile Equipment or MS
SIM
The MS Function
The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
The Base Station Controller (BSC)
BSS
The TRAU
Locating the TRAU
MSC
The Registers Completing the Network Switching Systems (NSSs)
The Cell
Location Area
MSC/VLR Service Area
OSI Model — How GSM Signaling Functions in the OSI Model
Layer Functionality
MS Protocols
The MS to BTS Protocols
BSC Protocols
MSC Protocols
Defining the Channels
Frequencies Allocated
Primary GSM
Radio Assignment
Frequency Pairing
Extended GSM Radio Frequencies
Modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Access Methods
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
TDMA Frames
Time Slot Use
GSM FDMA/TDMA Combination
Logical Channels
The Physical Layer
Speech Coding on the Radio Link
Channel Coding
Convolutional Coding
Chapter 22: Personal Communications Services
Overview
Digital Systems
Digital Cellular Evolution
TDMA
CDMA
Spread Spectrum Services
Capacity Gain
The CDMA Cellular Standard
Spread Spectrum Goals
Spread Spectrum Services
Synchronization
Balancing the Systems
Common Air Interfaces
The Forward Channel
The Reverse Channel
Walsh Codes
Traffic Channel
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Seamless Networking with IS-41 and SS7
Automatic Roaming
Cellular and PCS Suppliers
Final Thoughts
Chapter 23: Wireless Data Communications (Mobile IP)
Overview
IP Routing
Part of the Solution
Applications That Demand Mobile IP
Speed Isn't Everything
Variations in Data Communications (Wireless)
Possible Drawbacks with Wireless
Pros and Cons to Wireless
Chapter 24: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Overview
The New Wave of Internet User
GPRS
The GPRS Story
What Is GPRS?
Motivation for GPRS
Evolution of Wireless Data
Wireless Data Technology Options
The GSM Phase II Overlay Network
Circuit-Switched or Packet-Switched Traffic
GPRS Radio Technologies
Cells and Routing Areas
Attaching to the Serving GPRS Support Node
PDP Contexts
Data Transfer
GSM and NA-TDMA Evolution
Applications for GPRS
Chat
Textual and Visual Information
Still Images
Moving Images
Web Browsing
Document Sharing/Collaborative Working
Audio
Job Dispatch
Corporate E-mail
Internet E-mail
Vehicle Positioning
Remote LAN Access
File Transfer
Home Automation
Chapter 25: Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Systems
Overview
GPRS
EDGE
What Is Special about EDGE?
UMTS
WCDMA
WCDMA Features
Mobile Internet — A Way of Life
Rich Voice
Applications of the Wireless Internet
Visions of Wireless
Positioning the Mobile Industry
Key Technologies
UTRA
Multimode Second Generation/UMTS Terminals
Satellite Systems
USIM Cards/Smart Cards
IP Compatibility
Spectrum for UMTS
The cdma2000 Family of Standards
Purpose
Chapter 26: Satellite Communications Networking
Uses of Satellites in Agriculture
Uses of Satellites in Oceanography
Commercial Providers
History of Satellites
How Do Satellites Work?
Satellite Frequency Bands
Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit (GEO) Satellites
Medium-Earth-Orbit (MEO) Satellites
Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) Satellites
Orbital Slots
Communications
Satellite Installations
LEO Versus GEO
Niches in the GEO Sphere
LEO Meets GEO
Space Security Unit
The Market for the Network
Satellite Characteristics
Latency
Noise
Bandwidth
Advantages
TCP/IP over Satellite
Satellite and ATM
Charting the Rules for the Internet
Tailoring IP Can Accelerate Throughput
Chapter 27: Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites (LEOs)
Overview
Low-Earth Orbit
So What Happened?
The Benefits of These Service Offerings
Deployment and Spacing of Satellites
The Space Segment
The Cell Patterns
Traffic Carrying Capacity
Modulation Techniques
The Gateway Segment
The Earth Terminal
The Switching Equipment
Interconnecting to the PSTN
The System Control Portion
Other Competitors to Iridium
Loral-Qualcomm
Chapter 28: The T Carrier Systems (T-1/T-2 and T-3)
Overview
The Difference Between T-x and DS-x
DS-1 Framing Review
Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM)
The E-1 Pattern
The Framing Protocols: D4 Framing
Contrasting the E-1 and DS-1 Frame
Extended Superframe Format (ESF)
Other Restrictions
B8ZS
T-2 Transmission (or DS-2)
DS-2 Bit Stuffing
Framing Bits for the DS-2
DS-3 Service (T-3)
The DS-3 Frame Format
DS-3 Bit Stuffing
The DS-3 Overhead Bits
Chapter 29: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
Overview
Background Leading to SONET Development
Synchronizing the Digital Signals
The SONET Signal
Why Bother Synchronizing?
The SONET Frame
Overhead
Inside the STS-1 Frame
SONET Overhead
Section Overhead
Line Overhead
POH
Virtual Tributaries
SONET Multiplexing Functions
Add-Drop Multiplexing: A SONET Benefit
SONET Topologies
Point-to-Point
Point-to-Multipoint
Hub and Spoke
Ring
Evolution of SONET in the Rest of the World
SDH
Chapter 30: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)[1]
Overview
Why SDH/SONET
Synchronous Communications
Plesiochronous
SDH
Data Transmission Rates
Some Differences to Note
The Multiplexing Scheme
Why the Hype?
The Model as It Pertains to SDH
Chapter 31: Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Overview
WDM
Fiber Optics Summarized
Multimode Fiber
Single Mode Fiber
Benefits of Fiber over Other Forms of Media
Back to WDM
Why DWDM?
Chapter 32: The Internet
A Brief History
Early Internet Services
Gopher
Veronica
Wide Area Information Service (WAIS)
World Wide Web (WWW)
Browsers
Hypertext
Hyperlink
Universal Resource Locator (URL)
Directory/Domain Name Service (DNS)
Java™
Surfing the Web
Tracking Visitors
Cookies
Search Engines
Standards
Internet Operation
Connectionless Network Services (CLNS)
Options and Padding
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The Fields in the TCP Header
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
IP Addressing
Routers Versus Gateways
Subnetting
Network Address Translation (NAT)
DHCP, BOOTP, ARP, and RARP
Routing
Dynamic Routing Tables
Routing Versus Switching
Real-time Applications
Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Summary
Chapter 33: Voice over IP (VoIP)
Overview
VoIP
QoS
Applications for VoIP
H.323 Protocol Suites
Delay and Jitter on VoIP Networks
Protocol Stack
Chapter 34: Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Overview
Standard IP Networking
Subnet Masking
Rules of Routing
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
The Longest Match Syndrome
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Enter MPLS
Traffic Engineering
QoS Routing
MPLS Forwarding Model
MPLS Components
Chapter 35: Intranets and Extranets
Overview
Managing the Intranet
Web Page Organization
Document Security
Collaboration
Maintaining Interest
Jokes
Forms
Transition Intranet Solutions
Portal Products or Customized Web Pages
Building a Community
Bulletin Board Service
Customer Service
Thin Clients
Extranets
Inventory Management
Wholesale
Secondary Markets
Privacy Issues
Perishable Goods Application
Purchasing Cooperatives
Outsourcing
Computer Hardware Vendor
Automating Customer Service
Implementing Extranets
Intranet
Extranet
TCP Filtering
Stand-Alone System
Virus Checking
Firewall Rules Bases
Firewall Performance (Again)
Proxies
Forward Proxy
Reverse Proxy
Proxy Security
Administration
Firewalls
Proxy
Domain Name System (DNS)
Fungible Services
Chapter 36: Network Management SNMP
Overview
Network Management Goals
History
Network Management Function Interaction
Database Structure
Architecture
Network Management System Issues
Bundling
The GUI
Network Size
Web-Enabled GUI
Alarm History
Alarm Presentation
Statistics
Free Trials
Network Mapping
SNMPv3
Security
Java
List of Figures
List of Tables